Neurology. 2011 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print]

Raffaitin C , Féart C , Le Goff M , Amieva H , Helmer C , Akbaraly TN , Tzourio C , Gin H , Barberger-Gateau P .

From the Diabetology-Nutrition Unit (C.R., H.G.), University Hospital of Bordeaux, Pessac; INSERM, U897 (C.R., C.F., M.L.G., H.A., C.H., P.B.-G.), Bordeaux; Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University (C.R., C.F., M.L.G., H.A., C.H., H.G., P.B.-G.), Bordeaux; INSERM, U888 (T.N.A.), Montpellier; Montpellier 1 University (T.N.A.), Montpellier; University Hospital of Montpellier (T.N.A.), CMRR Languedoc Roussillon, France; and INSERM, U708 (C.T.), Paris, France.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components with risk of cognitive decline on specific cognitive functions.

METHODS: Participants were 4,323 women and 2,764 men aged 65 and over enrolled in the longitudinal Three-City Study. Cognitive decline, defined as being in the worst quintile of the distribution of the difference between baseline score and either 2- or 4-year follow-up, was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, global cognitive function), the Isaacs Set Test (IST, verbal fluency), and the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT, visual working memory). MetS was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (at least 3 of 5 cardio-metabolic abnormalities: hypertension, high waist circumference, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, hyperglycemia). Proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, gender, educational level, center, baseline cognitive score, APOE4 genotype, and other potential confounders.

RESULTS: MetS at baseline was associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline on MMSE (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.22 [1.08-1.37]; p = 0.001) and BVRT (HR = 1.13 [1.01-1.26]; p = 0.03) but not on IST (HR = 1.11 [0.95-1.29]; p = 0.18). Among MetS components, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol were significantly associated with higher decline on MMSE; diabetes, but not elevated fasting glycemia, was significantly associated with higher decline on BVRT and IST.

CONCLUSIONS: MetS as a whole and several of its components had a negative impact on global cognitive decline and specific cognitive functions in older persons.
PMID: 21288982 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Nutr J. 2011 Jan 17;10(1):5.
Schusdziarra V , Hausmann M , Wittke C , Mittermeier J , Kellner M , Naumann A , Wagenpfeil S , Erdmann J .

ABSTRACT:

OBJECTIVE: The role of breakfast energy in total daily energy intake is a matter of debate. Acute feeding experiments demonstrated that high breakfast energy leads to greater overall intake supported by cross-sectional data of a free-living population. On the other hand, a large intraindividual analysis has indicated that a high proportion of breakfast to overall intake is associated with lower daily energy intake. To evaluate these apparently contradictory results in greater detail both ways of analysis were applied to the same data set of dietary records.

METHODS: On an intraindividual basis total daily energy intake was related to the absolute values of breakfast energy intake or to the ratio of breakfast to overall intake, respectively. Food intake of 280 obese and 100 normal weight subjects was analyzed who recorded over 10 (obese) or 14 (normal weight) consecutive days, respectively.

RESULTS: Increasing breakfast energy was associated with greater overall intake in normal weight and obese subjects. The increasing ratio of breakfast to total daily energy intake was associated with a significant reduction of overall intake on days where post-breakfast energy was significantly reduced. Correlational and multiple regression analysis support the concept that absolute breakfast calories have the strongest influence on daily energy intake.

CONCLUSION: Reduced breakfast energy intake is associated with lower total daily intake. The influence of the ratio of breakfast to overall energy intake largely depends on the post-breakfast rather than breakfast intake pattern. Therefore, overweight and obese subjects should consider the reduction of breakfast calories as a simple option to improve their daily energy balance.